EAMCET PORTION FOR CHEMISTRY

Chemistry
1. ATOMIC STRUCTURE:
Electromagnetic Radiation: Wave nature - Wave Characteristics: Wave length - frequency - Wave number - units to express these quantities - relationship between them.
Atomic Spectrum of Hydrogen - different regions of the spectrum - wave number of the spectral lines in these regions (Rydberg's equation),. Lyman, Balmer , Paschen , Bracket and Pfund series.
Atomic Models : Rutherford's model, merits and demerits
Bohr's Model: Postulates - formulation of the model - Expressions for the energy and radius of the Hydrogen Atomic orbits with derivations - limitations. Zeemen, Stark effects - Sommerfields modifications.
Quantum Numbers: Significance - writing quantum numbers for differentiating electrons in atoms - Pauli's exclusion principle.
Wave nature of electron: De-Broglie wave equation - Heisenberg's uncertainty principle , Schroedinger's equation (Cartesian coordinates equation only).
Orbitals: Shapes of s,p,d orbitals - orbitals energy sequence - aufbau principle - Hund's rule. Electronic configuration of elements (from atomic no: 1 to 30 by nlx method)
Stability and magnetic behaviour of atoms based on concepts of electronic configuration.
II. NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY:
Nuclear particles: (Protons, Neutrons) - isotopes, isobars, isotones and Isodiapheres.
Nucleus: Relative dimensions of atom and nucleus - nuclear mass defect - mass -energy relation - binding energy - n/p ratio - magic numbers.
Nuclear reactions: Writing nuclear reactions in the shortest form of (M(a,b)M') notation, balancing - typical examples of nuclear reactions - nuclear fusion (proton) reactions - nuclear fission (uranium - 235) - Differences between nuclear and Chemical reactions.
Radioactivity: Units of radioactivity (Curie, Rutherford and Bacquerel) - natural and artificial radioactivity - disintegration series - Group displacement law.
Radioactive disintegration: Rate equation (no derivation) - decay constant - half-life period - numerical problems on radioactive disintegrations - Radioactive isotopes (O18, P32, U238, C14, I131)and their applications
III. PERIODIC CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS:
Periodic Laws and Periodic Table: Periodic laws based on atomic number and electron configuration - Structure of the long form of the periodic table - s,p,d,f blocks - outer electronic configuration of elements of s,p,d and f blocks.
Periodic trends: Trends down the group and across the period in respect of atomic size, ionic radius, Oxidation State, ionization potential, electron affinity and electronegativity - reasons for the trends.
IV. CHEMICAL BONDING:
Ionic Bonding: Nature, factors favourable for the bond formation - Effect of ionization potential, electron affinity and electro negativity - Born - Haber cycle for sodium chloride crystal formation - Face centered cubic lattice structure of sodium chloride - Body centered cubic lattice structure of cesium chloride (diagramatic illustrations only) - coordination number of metal ions in the crystals of sodium chloride and cesium chloride. Properties of ionic substances.
Covalent Bond: Nature - octet rule and electron dot formula of simple molecules (BeCl2, BF3, CO2, NH3, H2O,PCl5, SF6, CH4, C2-H4, C2H6) - postulates of valence bond theory (qualitative treatment) - overlapping of orbitals - sigma and pi bonds - dipole moment (qualitative aspect) of simple molecules. (HCl, H2O, SO2, NH3, CH4-, CCl4) - properties of covalent substances.
Hybridization of Orbitals: sp, sp2,sp3, dsp3, d2sp3 hybridizations - shapes of simple molecules (BeCl2, BCl3, CH4, C2H6, C2H4, C2H2, NH3, H2O, PCl5, SF6)
Bond Lengths - bond angles and bond energies - postulates of valance shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory - application to geometry of covalent molecules (beryllium chloride, boron tri-chloride, water and ammonia)
Hydrogen Bond: Concept - inter and intra molecular Hydrogen bonds - typical examples.
V. STOICHIOMETRY:
Definition : Stoichiometry, Stoichiometric Equation, Stoichiometric amounts - Examples
Mole Concept: Gram atom, Gram molecule, Definition of mole, mass, formula weight - Calculations.
Chemical reactions and Numerical calculations based on weight - weight, weight - volume , volume - volume relationships
Calculation of empirical and molecular formulae of Carbon compounds - oxidation number - Redox reactions - Calculation of oxidation number - Balancing of redox reactions by ion - electron (half reaction) method and oxidation number method
VI. GASEOUS STATE:
Gas laws - Boyle's law, Charle's law, Avogadro's law - statement and numerical problems.
Ideal gas equation: PV=nRT, values of R - numerical problems based on gas equation.
Graham's law of diffusion - Statement - numerical problems.
Dalton's law of partial pressures: Statement - numerical problems.
Kinetic theory of Gases: Postulates - derivation of PV= 1/3 mnc2 - Deducing gas laws from kinetic gas laws (Boyles law, Charles law, Dalton's law, Graham's law) from kinetic gas equation - RMS velocity - most probable velocity - Mathematical relationship between the three. Average kinetic energy of the molecules.
VII. SOLUTIONS:
Definition of solution: Solvent - solute, methods of expressing concentrations of solutions - molarity, molality, normality - mole fraction methods - Numerical problems.
Vapour Pressure: Definition - effect of temperature - Raoult's law - Numerical problems.
VIII. ACIDS AND BASES:
Theories of Acids and Bases - Arrhenius acid - base concept, limitations, Lowry - Bronsted concept - examples - limitations - Lewis Theory - examples.
Ionic Product of Water: pH of aqueous solutions - (include both strong and weak acids and bases) - buffer solutions - types of buffers, buffer action - calculation of pH of acid buffers.
Indicators: Acid -base indicators - pH range - selection of indicators for acid - base titrations.
Hydrolysis of Salts: Definition - examples of different salts.
IX. ELECTRO CHEMISTRY:
Metallic Conductors - Electrolytes - Non-electrolytes - Arrhenius theory of ionization - Faraday's laws - Numerical problems.
Galvanic Cells : Definition - examples - cell notation - writing of cells and cell reactions.
Nernst Equation - e.m.f. calculation
X. CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM AND CHEMICAL KINETICS:
Chemical Equilibrium: Reversible reactions - chemical equilibrium - dynamic nature - examples of chemical equilibrium, law of mass action - equilibrium constant - characteristics of equilibrium constant - factors affecting equilibrium - application of law of mass action to Haber's process (for Ammonia) .
Le Chatelier's Principle: Statement and applications to Haber's process (for Ammonia).
Chemical Kinetics: Rate of reaction (elementary treatment) factors (concentration - temperature, catalyst) affecting rate of reaction, rate law, rate constant and its units Order and Molecularity - First order Rate equation and half life - collision theory of reaction rates (elementary treatment)
XI. CHEMICAL ENERGETICS:
Chemical energetics: Internal energy - enthalpy - exothermic and endothermic reactions - heats of reaction; formation, combustion, neutralization - Hess Law - Numerical problems.
XII. SURFACE CHEMISTRY:
Adsorption and absorption - Physical and Chemical adsorption - distinguishing properties - Adsorption of Gases on Metals - Adsorption from solutions (Elementary treatment).
Colloidal State: True and Colloidal solutions - explanation of terms - Dispersion medium, Dispersed phase, lyophillic and lyophobic sols using the examples - smoke, cloud, blood, milk, starch solution and gold sol. Micelles - cleaning action of soap
Emulsions: emulsifying agent and emulsification - its applications
Catalysts: Explanation of terms - Homogeneous and Heterogeneous catalysis, Distinction with suitable examples - auto catalysis with one example
XIII. HYDROGEN AND ITS COMPOUNDS:
Water: Hardness of Water and its removal
Heavy Water: Isotopes of hydrogen - heavy water - electrolytic preparation - properties and uses of heavy Water.
Hydrogen Peroxide: Preparation (laboratory, electrolytic and auto oxidation) and concentration, properties of H2O2 as oxidizing agent and reducing agent, structure and uses of H2O2
XIV. ALKALI AND ALKALINE EARTH METALS:
General Characteristics: Electronic configuration - position in the long form of the periodic table - trends in physical properties, chemical properties with reference to oxides, halides and carbonates.
Sodium and Magnesium: Occurrence - extraction of sodium (Castner and Down process) - extraction of Magnesium (from Carnalite and Magnasite) - Typical physical and chemical properties - Uses. Alloys of magnesium (Magnalium and Electron) preparation, properties and uses of the following compounds sodium hydroxide, sodium bicarbonate, magnesium - sulphate, Plaster of Paris, Lime Mortar and Gypsum.
XV. III GROUP ELEMENTS
General Characteristics: Electronic configuration - position in the long form of the periodic table - trends in physical properties - Chemical properties with reference to oxides, halides and hydroxides.
Aluminium: Occurrence - extraction - purification (electrolytic) - typical physical and chemical properties - uses including aluminothermic process - Preparation, properties and uses of Potash Alum.
Electron deficient compounds: Concept and examples, Diborane: Preparation, properties and structure
XVI. IV GROUP ELEMENTS:
General Characteristics: Electronic configuration - position in the long form of the periodic table - trends in physical properties of carbon and silicon.
Physical forms of Carbon: Allotropy of carbon - structure of diamond and graphite.
Preparation - properties - structure and uses of Silicon and SiO2 . Comparison of SiO2 with CO2..
Fuel gases: Producer gas and water gas - preparation - calorific values and uses.
XVII. V GROUP ELEMENTS:
General Characteristics: Electronic configuration - position in the long form of the period table - trends in physical properties.
Chemical Properties of Compounds of Nitrogen & Phosphorous: Hydrides, Oxides, Halides and structural aspects of Oxy - acids.
Industrial Preparation and Uses of : Ammonia, and Super phosphate of lime.
XVIII. VI GROUP ELEMENTS:
General Characteristics: Electronic configuration - position in the long form of the periodic table - trends in physical properties - allotropy of elements.
Chemical Properties of Compounds of Oxygen and Sulphur: Hydrides, oxides, halides and structural aspects of Oxy acids.
Preparation, properties and uses of Ozone, Sodium thiosulphate.
XIX. VII GROUP ELEMENTS:
General Characteristics: Electronic configuration - position in the long form of the periodic table - trends in physical properties.
Fluorine and Chlorine: Preparation, properties and uses. Structure and oxidation states of Oxides and oxyacids of chlorine.
Bleaching Powder: Preparation, properties and uses.
XX. NOBLE GASES:
Discovery, Occurrence and isolation. Chemistry of Noble Gases and their uses
XXI. TRANSITION ELEMENTS (d block):
General characteristics of: Electronic configuration - position in the long form of the periodic table.
Properties : Oxidation states - colour forming ability - alloy formation - magnetic properties
Coordination complexes: Werner's notations (elementary account)
XXII. ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY:
Terminology: Environment, pollutant, contaminant, receptor, sink, speciation, dissolved oxygen, threshold limit.
Air Pollution: Common air pollutants - CO and oxides of Nitrogen and Sulphur - acid rains and green house effect
Water pollution: Common Water pollutants. Organic Pollutants, Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Inorganic pollutants - Water treatment with respect to fluorine content
Ozone layer and effect of freons (CFC)
XXIII. HYDROCARBONS - I (ALKANES AND ALKENES) :
Classification - Formation of sigma and pi bonds. Homologous series - concept and its significance.
Isomerism: Concept, Structural isomerism (chain, position, functional isomerism).
Nomenclature of Aliphatic Hydro Carbons : IUPAC system
Methane and Ethane: Preparation by reduction of alkyl halides, Wurtz method, Grignard method, de-carboxylation, Kolbe's'electrolysis, Sabtier - Senderen's reaction .
Chemical Properties: Halogenation, Nitration, Pyrolysis, Oxidation - Uses
Ethylene: Methods of preparation: dehydration of alcohols - dehydrohalogenation of alkylhalides - dehalogenation of dihalides.
Properties of Ethylene: Addition of hydrogen - halogens - hydrogen halides - water - hypohalous acids -mineral acids - polymerisation - oxidation (with Beayers reagent) - ozonolysis - Uses.
XXIV. HYDROCARBONS - II
Acetylene: preparation - Dehydrohalogenation of 1,2 - dihalides - hydrolysis of CaC2 dehalogenation - Kolbe's electrolysis
Properties: Oxidation, addition of hydrogen, halogens, hydrogen halides and water, trimerization, salt formation, decolorization of Br2/CCl4 - uses
Benzene: Preparation from acetylene, coal tar distillation, structure of benzene, resonance - aromatic property. Properties: Friedel - Craft's reaction, halogenation, nitration, sulphonation - Uses.
XXV. ALKYL HALIDES
Nomenclature and classification to Primary, Secondary & Tertiary Alkyl halides
Ethyl Chloride: Preparation - from alcohols using Lucas reagent, PCl3, PCl5 and SOCl2.
Properties: Reduction, hydrolysis, dehydrohalogenation, Wurtz reaction, reactions with KNO2, AgNO2, KCN, AgCN, Mg and sodium ethoxide.
Chloroform: Preparation from ethanol using bleaching powder & water and chloralhydrate. Properties: Oxidation, isocyanide formation - hydrolysis - uses.
XXVI. ALCOHOLS
Nomenclature and classification to Primary, Secondary & Tertiary Alcohols
Ethanol: Preparation - Hydrolysis of alkyl halides, hydration of alkenes, fermentation of molasses & starch, Properties: Hydrogen bonding - Reaction with sodium , esterification, action with conc H2SO4 , reaction with Lucas reagent, PBr3, PCl5, oxidation with Potassium dichromate and Cu / 300oc. Combustion, chloroform formation. Differentiation with Lucas reagent - Uses.
XXVII. ETHERS
Nomenclature - Diethyl ether - Preparation from alcohols-Williamson synthesis - Properties - Reaction with HI-Uses.
XXVIII. ALDEHYDES AND KETONES :
Nomenclature - Acetaladehyde & Acetone: Preparations - Oxidation of Alcohols, heating calcium salts.
Properties: oxidation, reduction with H2 / Ni and LiAlH4, addition of NaHSO3, HCN, NH3, hydroxylamine, phenylhydrazine, 2,4 - DNP, aldol condensation, oxidation with Tollen's and Fehlings reagents.
XXIX. CARBOXYLIC ACIDS
Nomenclature - Acetic Acid - Preparations - Oxidation of alcohols, aldehydes , hydrolysis of cyanides.
Properties: Acidity - reactions with Na, NaOH, NaHCO3, esterification - acid cholrides, anhydrides, amides formation, halogenation - Uses.
XXX. NITROGEN COMPOUNDS
Nomenclature - Nitro-Benzene - Preparation - nitration of Benzene.
Properties : Reduction in acidic , basic, neutral media and with LiAlH4 - Uses
Aniline: Classification of amines - Preparation : reduction of nitro benzene. Properties: basic nature - salt formation with HCl, alkylation, N - acetylation, N- benzoyalation , diazotisation - carbylamine reaction - Uses.
XXXI: CHEMISTRY IN BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE:
Importance of Metals in the bio molecules viz., Haemoglobin, Cyanocobalamine (Vitamin B12) and chlorophyll (Elementary treatment)
Common Drugs used in Medicine: Actyl Salicylic acid (Aspirin) - Paracetamol (Elementary treatment of these two only)